First: Books

1. Abu Al-Rub, Salah Al-Din. Islamic Politics and Political Islam. Amman: Dar Al-Khaleej for Publishing and Distribution, 2019.

2. Baalbaki, Ahmad. Controversial Topics and Issues in the Development of Arab Resources: Development Issues and Obstacles. Beirut: Dar Al-Farabi, 2007.

3. Al-Khazaleh, Abdullah Rashid Al-Arqan, and Yasser Talib. The Jordanian Political System. Amman: Dar Al-Khaleej for Publishing and Distribution, 2020.

4. Khalil, Hassan. Democracy, Globalization, and Wars: Political Thought. Beirut: Dar Al-Farabi, 2010.

5. Khawaja, Mohammed Yasser. Renewing Religious Discourse within the Framework of the Historical Scene and Confronting the “Western” Other. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi for Printing, 2017.

6. Al-Rayyan, Jamil Abu Al-Abbas Zakir. Extremists: The Emergence of Intellectual Extremism, Its Causes, Effects, and Methods of Treatment. Berlin: Arab Democratic Center, 2016.

7. Abdul Ghani, Ammar. Adolescents’ Problems: The Time Bomb. Cairo: Nile Arab Group, 2016.

8. Ouda, Jihad. The Structure of Arab-American Relations in the Field of Counterterrorism. Cairo: Academic Library, 2010.

9. Al-Fadhli, Bin Issa. The Origins and Manifestations of Extremism in Judaism and Islam. Amman: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, 2024.

10. Mohammed Al-Sayyid, Mohammed Ahmed. The Scourge of the Age: Extremism, Its Causes, Effects, and Treatment. Beirut: Dar Al-Saqi, 1999.

11. UNESCO. Preventing Violent Extremism through Education: A Guide for Policy Makers. New York: UNESCO, 2018.

12. Salam, Mohammed Tawfiq. The Culture of Violence among Secondary School Students: Crisis and Confrontation. Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 2012.

Second: Journals, Scientific Periodicals, and Studies

1. Tazaz’ah, Islam. “Causes of Extremism and Methods of Prevention and Treatment.” Al-Istiqlal University Journal for Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2021.

2. Ayiz, Amal Ismail. “Intellectual Extremism: Its Causes, Contributing Factors, and Effects.” Al-Bahith Journal, Baghdad, Special Issue, Vol. 44, No. 5.

3. Ahmed, Dima Abdullah. “The Concept of Extremism: Causes and Consequences.” International Politics Journal, Baghdad, No. 61, 2024.

4. Mohammed, Ramadan Abdel Hamid. “Causes of Extremism among University Students and Methods of Reducing It from Their Perspective: A Field Study.” Journal of the Faculty of Education – Damietta University, No. 71, 2016.

5. Al-Haj, Faryal Mahmoud. “The Influence of Intellectual Extremism on Social Media According to Certain Psychological Variables.” Arab Journal of Security Studies, Riyadh, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2022.

6. Bekhit, Mahmoud Ramadan. “Economic and Social Factors and Their Impact on Rates of Extremism and Terrorism.” Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Arts – Tanta University, Egypt, Special Issue, 2020.

7. Najem, Moulay. “The Impact of Intellectual Extremism on the Individual and Society: An Analysis of the Causes and a Search for Treatment Methods.” Journal of Islamic Sciences and Civilization, Algeria, No. 5, 2017.

8. Alwan, Mohammed Hamid. “The Developmental Role of Social Work in Reducing Social Extremism: A Field Study at the College of Media, University of Baghdad.” Journal of Education for Girls, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2021.

Third: Internet Sources

1. Akram, Maryam. “Stimulating Factors: The Impact of Economic and Social Factors in Driving Individuals toward Extremism and

Terrorism.” Shaf Center. December 1, 2024. Available at /DxnT1

2. Tbeishat, Ne’mah. “Types of Extremism.” Mawdoo3 Website. October 10, 2022. Available at: Mawdoo3 Website