1. Aristotle – *Poetics* (Fan al-Shi‘r) – Trans. Abd al-Rahman Badawi – Al-Nahda Al-Masriya Library – Cairo – 1953.

2. Ibn al-Athir – *Al-Mathal al-Sa’ir* – Nahdet Misr Publishing – Ed. Badawi Tabana – 1431 AH.

3. Ibn Rashiq al-Qayrawani – *Al-‘Umda fi Mahasin al-Shi‘r wa Adabihi* – Ed. Muhammad Abd al-Qadir Ahmad ‘Ata – Vol. 1 – Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah – Lebanon – n.d.

4. Abu ‘Ubadah al-Buhturi – *Diwan al-Buhturi* – Ed. Hasan Kamil al-Sayrafi – 2nd ed. – Dar Al-Ma’arif – Egypt.

5. Al-Baqillani – *I‘jaz al-Qur’an* – Dar Al-Ma’arif – Egypt – 5th ed. – 1997.

6. Abu Qasim al-Hasan al-Amidi – *Al-Muwazana bayna Shi‘r Abi Tammam wa al-Buhturi* – Ed. Al-Sayyid Ahmad Saqr – Dar Al-Ma’arif – Cairo.

7. Dr. Salah Fadl – *Manahij al-Naqd al-Adabi* (Literary Criticism Methodologies) – Merit Publishing and Information – Cairo – 1st ed. – 2002.

8. Dr. ‘Abdu Badawi – Article in *Al-Shi‘r* Magazine – Issue No. 5 – Dar Al-Hilal – Cairo – January 1997.

9. Dr. ‘Uthman Muwafi – *Manahij al-Naqd al-Adabi* – Dar Al-Ma‘rifa Al-Jami‘iya – Alexandria – 2003.

10. Dr. Muhammad Ghunaymi Hilal – *Al-Naqd al-Adabi al-Hadith* (Modern Literary Criticism) – Nahdet Misr – 1st ed. – n.d.

11. Dr. Mustafa Suwayf – *Al-Usus al-Nafsiya lil-Ibda‘ al-Fanni* (Psychological Foundations of Artistic Creativity) – Dar Al-Ma’arif – Egypt – 1951.

12. Dr. Yusuf Waghlisi – *Manahij al-Naqd al-Adabi* – Jusur Publishing and Distribution – Algeria – 1st ed. – 2007.

13. Dr. Shawqi Dayf – *Al-‘Asr al-‘Abbasi al-Thani* (The Second Abbasid Era) – Dar Al-Ma’arif – Cairo, Egypt – 12th ed. Shams al-Din al-Dhahabi, *Siyar A‘lam al-Nubala’* (Biographies of Noble Figures), edited by Shu‘ayb al-Arna’ut, Mu’assasat al-Risalah, Lebanon, 1981